二甲双胍主要是通过对线粒体呼吸链复合物1的轻度和短暂抑制降低肝脏葡萄糖的产生。抑制肝脏中的线粒体呼吸链，导致 AMPK 活化，增强胰岛素敏感性，可用于2型糖尿病的研究。还可以透过血脑屏障，诱导自噬。

使用本产品的应用案例（仅供参考）

In Vitro

Cell （HepG2 cells，3.5 mg/L Metformin，24h）

HepG2 cells were seeded at a density of 5000 cells/well in 100 µL of DMEM medium in 96-well plates. HepG2 cell culture was maintained in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 at 37℃. After incubated for 12 h, the cells were washed with PBS and the medium was replaced with DMEM high glucose medium supplemented  with FBS (2%) and insulin (0.5×10^-7 mol/L) and incubated for 36 h to build  insulin-resistant HepG2 cells model. Subsequently, the cells were washed with  serum-free DMEM high glucose medium and treated with different concentrations  (0.1, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 mg/mL) of Up-3, Up-4, and Up-5. Medium and metformin (3.5 mg/L) were used as the normal and metformin group, respectively. After incubated for 24 h, the free supernatants of the cells were collected, and then the glucose  concentration of supernatants was measured by a glucose test kit following the manufacturer’s protocol.  

来源文献：Zhong QW, Zhou TS, Qiu WH, Wang YK, Xu QL, Ke SZ, Wang SJ, Jin WH, Chen JW, Zhang HW, Wei B, Wang H. Characterization and hypoglycemic effects of sulfated polysaccharides derived from brown seaweed Undaria pinnatifida. Food Chem. 2021 Mar 30;341(Pt 1):128148. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128148. Epub 2020 Sep 22. PMID: 33038776.

In Vivo

Mice（Eight-week-old Kunming mice (approximately 20–22 g, specific pathogen-free, SPF) ，200mg/kg，4h，口服）

Mice were orally treated with  MET(200 mg/kg) for 4 h. Blood samples were subsequently taken from the angular vein. 

来源文献：Zhang W, Gao J, Shen F, Ma X, Wang Z, Hou X, Hao E, Hou Y, Bai G. Cinnamaldehyde changes the dynamic balance of glucose metabolism by targeting ENO1. Life Sci. 2020 Oct 1;258:118151. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118151. Epub 2020 Jul 26. PMID: 32726661.